https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/about/ https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/contact/ https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/legal/ https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/privacy/ https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/1/overview-and-classification https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/crystalline-polycrystalline-amorphous.svg Difference between crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous materials. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/3/simplifying-assumptions https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/4/lattice-basis-and-crystal https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/two-dimensional-lattice.svg two dimensional lattice generated by linear independent primitve translation vectors. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/honeycomb.svg honeycomb lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/basis-lattice-crystal.svg One receives a crystal by attaching a basis to each lattice site. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/5/unit-cell-primitive-cell-and-wigner-seitz-cell https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/unit-cells.svg Different unit cells for a certain lattice. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/wigner-seitz-cell-construction.svg Wigner-Seitz cell construction https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/6/symmetry-crystal-systems-and-bravais-lattices https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/cubic-crystal-system.svg Bravais lattices in the cubic crystal system: primitive, body centered, face centered https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/tetragonal-crystal-system.svg Bravais lattices in the tetragonal crystal system: primitive- and body centered https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/orthorhombic-crystal-system.svg Bravais lattices in the orthorhombic crystal system: primitive, body centered, face centered and base centered https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/hexagonal-crystal-system.svg Hexagonal Bravais lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/monoclinic-crystal-system.svg Monoclinic Bravais lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/trigonal-triclinic-crystal-system.svg Trigonal and triclinic Bravais lattices https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/7/atomic-orbitals https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/1s-orbital.svg The 1s orbital https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/2p-orbitals.svg The 3 2p orbitals https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/3d-orbitals.svg The 5 3d orbitals https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/8/electron-configuration-of-many-electron-atoms https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/madelungs-rule.svg Mnemonic for Madelung's rule https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/9/interactions-due-to-orbital-overlap https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/sp-hybrid-orbital-formation.svg Formation of the sp-hybrid orbitals as linear combinations of a s- and a p- orbital https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/sp3-hybrid-orbital-cube.svg Shape of the sp3-hybrid orbitals https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/11/close-packed-structures-fcc-and-hcp https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/close-packed-spheres-hcp-fcc.svg Construction of the two most common ways of packing spheres: hcp and fcc structure. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/fcc-structure.svg fcc structure: conventional unit cell, primitive unit cell and hexagonal structure https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/fcc-packing-density.svg Calculation of the packing density of the fcc lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/fcc-coordination-number-nearest-neighbours.svg Coordination number for the fcc lattice: 12 nearest and 6 next-nearest neighbours https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/hcp-basis-close-packing.svg (a) Position of the second basis atom within the unit cell (2/3, 1/3, 1/2) (b) hexagonal layer structure of the hcp lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/12/body-centered-cubic-bcc https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/bcc-packing-density.svg Calculation of the packing density of the bcc lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/bcc-coordination-number-nearest-neighbours.svg Coordination number for the bcc lattice: 8 nearest and 6 next-nearest neighbours https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/13/diamond-structure https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/diamond-tetrahedrical-structure.svg The tetrahedrical structure of diamond https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/diamond-structure-unit-cell.svg Conventional unit cell of the diamond structure: There are four additional atoms, shifted by 1/4 of the cube diagonal with respect to the positions of the four bottom left atoms. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/15/the-reciprocal-lattice https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/solid-state-physics/reciprocal-lattice-fcc-bcc.svg The reciprocal lattice of the fcc lattice is a bcc structure which can be obtained from applying the transformation laws to the primitive translation vectors. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/16/evidence-for-the-earths-climate-history https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/climate-physics/oxygen-hydrogen-isotope-fractionation.png Isotope fractionation in the earth's atmosphere. Comparison between cold and warm climate situations. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/17/surface-temperature-of-the-earth https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/climate-physics/radiation-balance-earth.svg Radiation balance of the earth: Incident and outgoing radiation https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/20/what-is-radiometry https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/21/energy-power-and-radiation-flux https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/22/local-properties-of-radiation https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/climate-physics/solid-angle.svg definition of a solid angle https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/optics/radiance-definition.svg definition of radiance as flux per unit solid angle per unit projection area https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/optics/radiation-energy-density.svg calculation of the energy density by means of the radiance https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/23/radiant-properties-of-extended-objects https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/optics/radiance-surface.svg radiance emitted by a small surface element https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/24/different-formulations-of-plancks-law https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/25/spectral-distribution-of-radiometric-quantities https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/optics/spectral-power-density-black-body-radiation.svg Spectral power distribution https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/27/trigonometric-integrals-and-identities https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/28/fluid-kinematics https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/fluid-dynamics/fluid-kinematics-rigid-body-motion.png rigid body like motion of a fluid: translation and rotation https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/fluid-dynamics/fluid-kinematics-non-rigid-body-motion.png nonrigid body like motion of a fluid: volumetric strain (dilation and compression) and stretching strain https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/29/rotating-frame-of-reference https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/fluid-dynamics/rotating-frame-of-reference.svg inertial and rotating frame of reference https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/43/simple-harmonic-oscillator https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/classical-mechanics/simple-oscillation.svg Animation of a simple harmonic oscillator https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/classical-mechanics/simple-harmonic-oscillation-setup.svg Simple harmonic oscillator: Equilibrium position and restoring force. https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/44/classification-of-differential-equations https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/45/linear-ordinary-differential-equations https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/46/introduction-to-complex-numbers https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/matheatical-methods/complex-plane-rectangular-representation-svg rectangular representation of a complex number in a 2d plane (in analogy with cartesian coordinates) https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/article/47/polar-representation-and-eulers-formula https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/mathematical-methods/complex-plane-polar-rectangular.svg polar and rectangular representation of complex numbers in the argand diagram https://www.physics-in-a-nutshell.com/img/content/mathematical-methods/product-of-complex-numbers.svg geometrical meaning of product of complex numbers